Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck 23 aprel 1858-ci ilde Almaniyanin Kiel şeherinde ziyali bir ailede dünyaya geldi. Atasi Kiel Universitetinde hüquqşunas işleyirdi. Orta tehsilini Münihde Max Millian Litseyinde aldi. Elme könül vermiş bir müelliminin tesiri ile Max-in fizikaya maraği daha da artirdi. Bir terefden de ailesinin tekidi ile piano dersleri alirdi.
Fizikani öyrenmek üçün Universitete gederken, öz dövrünün böyük fiziki Hermann Helmholtz : “fizikada bundan sonra edilecek çox bir şey qalmayib, inkişaf etmek üçün başqa bir elm sahesini seçsen daha yaxşi olar” demişdi. Ancaq Max öz uşaqliq xeyallarindan el çekmek fikrinde deyildi. Bir terefden de Universitetde oxuyan zaman Helmholtz ve Kirchhof kimi böyük alimlerden tehsil almağin onun üçün böyük bir fürset olduğunu düşünürdü.
Münih ve Berlin universitetlerinde tehsilini davam etdiren genc fizik Planck qisa bir müddetde etrafindaki insanlarin diqqetini celb etdi ve otuz yaşinda Berlin Universitetinde fizika kürsüsüne çixir.
1889-cu ilde Berlin Universitetinde Kirchhof-un yerini aldi ve 1926-ci ile qeder bu vezifede qaldi. 1918-ci ilde enerjinin kvantlanmasi ile bağli keşfine göre Nobel mükafatina layiq görüldü.
Planckin heyati facielerle dolu keçib. Oğullarindan biri Birinci Dünya Müharibesinde öldürüldü ele hemin illerde iki qizi uşaq doğan zaman öz heyatlarini itirdiler. Evi İkinci Dünya Müharibesi zamani bobardiman edildi. Oğlu Erwin Hitlere suiqest hazirlamaqda günahlandirilaraq 1944-cü ilde edam edildi. Edam etmezden evvel “Nazileri destekleyerse oğlunun efv edileceyini bildirmişdiler” ancaq o bu teklifi oğlunun ölümü bahasina olsa da redd etdi. Ömrünün son iki ilini Höttingende sayilib-seçilen elm adamlarindan biri olaraq İnsan Hüquqlarinin Müdafieçisi kimi keçirdi. Max Planck oktyabirin 4-ü 1947-ci ilde 89 yaşinda vefat etdi.

in english

Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was one of the most important German physicists of the late 19th and early 20th century; he is considered to be the founder of quantum theory.

Childhood and youth
Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen, his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich, and his paternal uncle was a judge.
Max Planck was born in Kiel to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching-in of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck was enrolled in Munich's Königliches Maximiliansgymnasium, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age sixteen.[edit]
Education
Planck was very gifted when it came to music: he took singing lessons in addition to playing the piano, organ and cello, and composing songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics.
The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised him against going into physics, saying, "in this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." Planck replied that he did not wish to discover new things, only to understand the known fundamentals of the field, and began his studies in 1874 at the University of Munich. Under Jolly's supervision, Planck performed the only actual experiments of his scientific career (studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum), but soon transferred to theoretical physics.
In 1877 he went to Berlin for a year of study with the famous physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and also the mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures, which were, however, dry and monotonous. Despite this he soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he mostly undertook a program of self-study of Clausius's writings, which led him to choose heat theory as his field.
In October 1878 Planck passed his qualifying exams and in February of 1879 defended his dissertation, Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the second fundamental theorem of the mechanical heat theory). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.
In June 1880 he presented his habilitation thesis, Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures).

After the war, a number of German physicists assembled in Göttingen in order to reestablish the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. In July of 1945, Planck agreed to act formally as its president, again. The British occupation authorities insisted on changing the name, and therefore in February 1948 the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft was established. Despite his deteriorating health, Planck resumed travelling in order to give public talks.
In 1946, he travelled to London on the occasion of the 300th birthday of Isaac Newton. He was the only German invited. On 1 April 1946, Planck was succeeded as president of the KWG by Otto Hahn. On 4 October 1947, he died, aged 89, from the consequences of a fall and several strokes.