Wednesday, May 24, 2006

Marie Curie



Maria Skłodowska Curie Nobel Prize Diploma
Marie Curie 7 noyabr 1867-ci ilde Polşanın Varşava şeherinde anadan oldu (evvel adı Maria Skłodowska idi). Özünden böyük bir bacısı (Brenya) var idi. O müellim ailesinde dünyaya gelmişdi. Marie Curie eslen polşalı idi. Genclik illerinde Varşava Rus İmperiyasının hakimiyyeti altında idi. Siyasi aktivliyi onu bu veziyyetde Varşavadan ayrılmağa yöneldirdi. İlk olaraq Cracow-a geden Maria orada istediyi kimi tehsil ala bilmeyeceyini anladı . Ailesinin de maddi yardımının az olması sebebi ile Paris Sorbonne-de tibb tehsili alan bacısı Brenyaya tehsilinde kömek etmek qerarına geldi. Bacısı ise evezinde ona riyaziyyat ve fizikadan tehsil almağına kömek edecekdi. 1891-ci ilde Parise bacısının yanına getdi. Kiçik bir evde , ağır bir şerait altında yaşayarken tehsiline davam etdi. İki il içerisinde sinifinin birincisi olaraq fizik derecesi aldı. 1894-cü ilde ikinci derecesi olan riyaziyyatı da bitirdi. Sonrakı meqsedi ise müellimlik diplomu alıb Varşavaya dönmek idi. 1894-cü ilde qardaşı Jacques ile piezoelektriki keşf eden Pierre Curie ile tanış oldu. O zamanlar Pierre Curie 35 yaşında idi. Maria ve Pierre birlikde elmi çalışmalarla meşğul olurdular , bununla beraber getdikce bir-birine daha da bağlanmışdılar. 1895-ci ilin iyul ayında Maria ve Pierre evlendiler. Bu tarixden etibaren Maria Skłodowska adını Maria Curie adını aldı. 1986-cı ilde müellimlik diplomunu aldıqdan sonra 1897-ci ilde Henri Becquerel terefinden elan edilmiş uran duzlarının yaydığı, sonralar radioaktivlik olaraq adlandırılan “şüa” üzerinde etraflı araşdırmalara başladı. Lakin ilk qızı İrene-in 1897-ci ilde sentyabr ayında dünyaya gelmesi çalışmalarına ara vermesine sebeb oldu. Sonradan 1898-illerin evvelinden çalışmalarına davam etdi. 1903-cü ilde Marie doktorluq derecesini aldı ve bu Fransada ilk qadın idi ki, bu dereceni alırdı. Hemin il heyat yoldaşı ve Becquerel ile paylaşdığı fizika sahesinde Nobel mükaftı aldı ve tarixde ilk Nibel mükafatı alan qadın oldu. 19 aprel 1906-cı ilde Pierre Curie bir at arabasının altında qalaraq öz heyatını itirdi.İki uşağı ile dul qalan Marie Sorbonne-de müllimlik vezifesine keçdi ve 1908-ci ilde Sorbonne-de ilk qadın professor oldu.1911-ci ilde radium ve polonium-u kefş etdiyine göre kimya sahesinde Nobel mükafatına layiq görüldü. Belelikle iki defe Nobel mükafatı alan ilk insan oldu. Ancaq bezi menbelerin melumatımna göre ikinci defe buna mükafatın verilme sebebi yoldaşını itirmesi ve ağır şeraitde yaşaması olub. 1934-cü ilde Savoy şeherinde qan xerçenginden vefat etdi. Xesteliyinin sebebi hedden artıq radioaktiv şüalanmaya meruz qalması olub. Belelikle ona “Elm üçün ölen qadın” deyilir.
in english
Marie Curie
Marie Curie (Polish Maria Skłodowska-Curie, November 7, 1867 – July 4, 1934) was a Polish chemist, pioneer in the early field of radiology and a two-time Nobel laureate. She also became the first woman appointed to teach at the Sorbonne. She was ethnic Polish, born in Warsaw, and spent her early years there, but in 1891 at age 24, moved to France to study science in Paris. She obtained all her higher degrees and conducted her scientific career there, and became a naturalized French citizen. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw.
Born in Warsaw, Poland, then a part of the Russian Empire, her early years were sad ones, marked by the death of her sister from typhus and, four years later, her mother. She was noted to have an amazing memory and a diligent work ethic, neglecting even food and sleep while studying. After graduating from high school, she suffered a mental breakdown for a year. Due to her gender and Russian anti-Polish reprisals following the January Uprising, she was not allowed admission into any universities so she worked as a governess for several years. Eventually, with the monetary assistance of her elder sister Bronia, she moved to Paris and studied chemistry and physics at the Sorbonne, where she became the first woman to teach there.
At the Sorbonne she met and married another instructor, Pierre Curie. Together they studied radioactive materials, particularly the uranium pitchblende ore, which had the curious property of being more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. By 1898 they deduced a logical explanation: that the pitchblende contained traces of some unknown radioactive component which was far more radioactive than uranium; thus on December 26th Marie Curie announced the existence of this new substance.
Over several years of unceasing labour they refined several tons of pitchblende, progressively concentrating the radioactive components, and eventually isolated initially the chloride salts (refining radium chloride on April 20, 1902) and then two new chemical elements. The first they named polonium after Marie's native country, and the other was named radium from its intense radioactivity. Maria Skłodowska Curie Nobel Prize Diploma
In 1903 she became the first woman in France to complete her doctorate.
Together with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1903: "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel". She was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Eight years later, she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1911 "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element". In an unusual move, Curie intentionally did not patent the radium isolation process, instead leaving it open so the scientific community could research unhindered. Just one month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, Marie was hospitalized with depression and kidney trouble.
She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes. She is one of only two people who has been awarded a Nobel Prize in two different fields, the other being Linus Pauling. As of October 2005, she remains the only woman to win two Nobel prizes.
After her husband's death, she supposedly had an affair with physicist Paul Langevin, a married man who had left his wife, which resulted in a press scandal, exacerbated by her academic opponents in order to damage her credibility. Despite her fame as an honored scientist working for France, the public's attitude to the scandal tended towards xenophobia — she was a foreigner, from an unknown land (Poland was still referred to as a geographical area, under the Russian Tsar), an area known to have a significant Jewish population (Marie was an atheist, raised as a Catholic, even born in a gentry family [ Dołęga-Sklodowski], but that didn't seem to matter). France at the time was still reeling from the effects of the Dreyfus affair etc, so the scandal's effect on the public was all the more acute. It is a strange coincidence that Paul's grandson Michel later married her granddaughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot.
During World War I, she pushed for the use of mobile radiography units for the treatment of wounded soldiers. These units were powered using tubes of radium emanation, a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later to be identified as radon. Marie personally provided the tubes, derived from the radium she purified. Promptly after the war started, she donated her and her husband's gold Nobel Prize Medals for the war effort.
In 1921, she toured the United States, where she was welcomed triumphantly, to raise funds for research on radium.
In her later years, she was disappointed by the myriad physicians and makers of cosmetics who used radioactive material without precautions.
Her death near Sallanches in 1934 was from aplastic anemia, almost certainly due to her massive exposure to radiation in her work, much of which was carried out in a shed with no proper safety measures being taken, as the damaging effects of hard radiation were not generally understood at that time. She was known to carry test tubes full of radioactive isotopes in her pocket, and to store them in her desk drawer, resulting in massive exposure to radiation. She was known to remark on the pretty blue-green light the metals gave off in the dark. Historical 20 000 złoty banknote of Poland with face of Maria Skłodowska Curie
Her eldest daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935.

Tuesday, May 23, 2006


İBNI SİNA
İbni Sina ve ya Ave Sina 980-ci il Avqust ayında Müselman İmperiyasinin erazisinde Buxarada dünyaya göz açdı. O hem filosof, riyaziyyatçı, fizik, şair idi. Bundan başqa onun tibb elminde böyük emeyi var. İbni Sina(Ave Sina) felsefeye aid 68, astronomiyaya aid 11, tibb elmine 16 ve şeriyyata aid ise 4 kitab yazmışdır. Öz dövründe “Hekimlerin Şahzadesi” (“The Prince of Physicians”) kimi tanınırdı
. Astrologiya ve simyaya etibar etmeyib Deyişilme Nezeriyyesinin doğru olub olmadığını apardığı tecrübelerle tedqiq etmiş ve doğru olmadığını isbat etmişdir. İbni Sinaya göre, her element yalnız özüne xas keyfiyyetlere malikdir ve belelikle daha deyersiz metallardan qızıl ve gümüş kimi daha deyerli metalların elde edilmesi mümkün deyil.

İbni Sina, mexanika ile de maraqlanmış ve bezi cehetlerden Aristotelin hereket anlayışını tenqid etmişdir. Aristotel, cismi hereket etdiren qüvve ile cisim arasındakı toxunma yox olduqda, cismin hereketini davam etdirmesini temin eden amilin şerait, yeni hava olduğunu bildirir ve havaya, biri cisme müqavimet digeri ise cismi daşıma olmaq kimi bir-birine uzaq olan iki vezifeni yükleyirdi.

İbni Sina, bu zidd durumu sezmiş, apardığı müşahideler neticesinde hava ile küleyin güclerini müqayise etmiş ve Aristotelin haqlı ola bilmesi üçün havanın şiddetinin küleyin şiddetinden daha çox olması neticesini çıxarmışdır. Ancaq bir ağacın yaxınından ötüb keçen bir ox, ağaca deymediyi müddetce, ağacda ve yarpaqlarında en xırda bir terpenme meydana getirmediyi halda, külek, ağacları silkelemekde ve hetta kökünden qopara bilmekdedir. Ele ise havanın şiddeti cisimleri daşımaq üçün kifayet deyil.

İbni Sina, her şeyden önce hekimdir ve bu sahedeki tedqiqatları ile meşhurdur. Tible elaqeli bir çox eser qeleme almışdır; bunlar arasında xüsusile ürek-damar sistemi ile elaqeli olanlar diqqete layiqdir. Ancaq İbnii Sina dedikde, onun adı ile bütünleşmiş ve Qerb ölkelerinde 16-cı esrin ve Şerq ölkelerinde ise 19-cu esrin evvellerine qeder oxunmuş ve istifade edilmiş “El Qanun fit Tibb” adlı eseri yadımıza düşür.

Beş kitabdan ibaret bu ensiklopedik eserin birinci kitabı, anatomiya ve qoruyucu hekimlik; ikinci kitabı adi dermanlar; üçüncü kitabı patologiya; dördüncü kitabı dermanlar ve cerrahi metodlarla müalice; beşinci kitabı ise müxtelif derman terkibleri ile elaqeli tefsilatlı melumatlar verilmişdir.

İbni Sinanın bu eseri araşdırıldıqda, mövzuları sistematik bir formada tedqiq edildiyi nezere çarpır. Tarixde ilk defe tibb ve cerrahiyyeni iki ayrı qayda-qanun kimi qiymetlendiren İbnii Sina, cerrahi müalicenin düzgün aparılması üçün anatomiyanın vacibliyini xüsusi vurğulamışdır. Heyat tehlükesi çox yuxarı olduğu üçün debde olmayan cerrahi müalice ile elaqeli nümuneler vermiş ve emeliyyatlarda istifade etmek üçün bezi aletler teklif etmişdir.

Göz ile de maraqlanmış İbni Sina, dövrünün seçilen fiziklerinden İbni Heysem kimi, Göz-Şüa Nezeriyyesini müdafie etmiş ve üst göz qapağının xarice çıxması, davamlı ağ renge ve ya qara baxmaqdan meydana gelen qar korluğu kimi daha önce behs edilmeyen xestelikler haqqında da tefsilatlı izahlar vermişdir.
İbni Sina 21 İyun 1037-ci ilde Hemedanda vefat etdi.


Max Planck

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck 23 aprel 1858-ci ilde Almaniyanin Kiel şeherinde ziyali bir ailede dünyaya geldi. Atasi Kiel Universitetinde hüquqşunas işleyirdi. Orta tehsilini Münihde Max Millian Litseyinde aldi. Elme könül vermiş bir müelliminin tesiri ile Max-in fizikaya maraği daha da artirdi. Bir terefden de ailesinin tekidi ile piano dersleri alirdi.
Fizikani öyrenmek üçün Universitete gederken, öz dövrünün böyük fiziki Hermann Helmholtz : “fizikada bundan sonra edilecek çox bir şey qalmayib, inkişaf etmek üçün başqa bir elm sahesini seçsen daha yaxşi olar” demişdi. Ancaq Max öz uşaqliq xeyallarindan el çekmek fikrinde deyildi. Bir terefden de Universitetde oxuyan zaman Helmholtz ve Kirchhof kimi böyük alimlerden tehsil almağin onun üçün böyük bir fürset olduğunu düşünürdü.
Münih ve Berlin universitetlerinde tehsilini davam etdiren genc fizik Planck qisa bir müddetde etrafindaki insanlarin diqqetini celb etdi ve otuz yaşinda Berlin Universitetinde fizika kürsüsüne çixir.
1889-cu ilde Berlin Universitetinde Kirchhof-un yerini aldi ve 1926-ci ile qeder bu vezifede qaldi. 1918-ci ilde enerjinin kvantlanmasi ile bağli keşfine göre Nobel mükafatina layiq görüldü.
Planckin heyati facielerle dolu keçib. Oğullarindan biri Birinci Dünya Müharibesinde öldürüldü ele hemin illerde iki qizi uşaq doğan zaman öz heyatlarini itirdiler. Evi İkinci Dünya Müharibesi zamani bobardiman edildi. Oğlu Erwin Hitlere suiqest hazirlamaqda günahlandirilaraq 1944-cü ilde edam edildi. Edam etmezden evvel “Nazileri destekleyerse oğlunun efv edileceyini bildirmişdiler” ancaq o bu teklifi oğlunun ölümü bahasina olsa da redd etdi. Ömrünün son iki ilini Höttingende sayilib-seçilen elm adamlarindan biri olaraq İnsan Hüquqlarinin Müdafieçisi kimi keçirdi. Max Planck oktyabirin 4-ü 1947-ci ilde 89 yaşinda vefat etdi.
in english
Max Planck
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 – October 4, 1947) was one of the most important German physicists of the late 19th and early 20th century; he is considered to be the founder of quantum theory.
Childhood and youth
Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen, his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich, and his paternal uncle was a judge.
Max Planck was born in Kiel to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching-in of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck was enrolled in Munich's Königliches Maximiliansgymnasium, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age sixteen.[edit]
Education
Planck was very gifted when it came to music: he took singing lessons in addition to playing the piano, organ and cello, and composing songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics.
The Munich physics professor Philipp von Jolly advised him against going into physics, saying, "in this field, almost everything is already discovered, and all that remains is to fill a few holes." Planck replied that he did not wish to discover new things, only to understand the known fundamentals of the field, and began his studies in 1874 at the University of Munich. Under Jolly's supervision, Planck performed the only actual experiments of his scientific career (studying the diffusion of hydrogen through heated platinum), but soon transferred to theoretical physics.
In 1877 he went to Berlin for a year of study with the famous physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and also the mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures, which were, however, dry and monotonous. Despite this he soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he mostly undertook a program of self-study of Clausius's writings, which led him to choose heat theory as his field.
In October 1878 Planck passed his qualifying exams and in February of 1879 defended his dissertation, Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the second fundamental theorem of the mechanical heat theory). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.
In June 1880 he presented his habilitation thesis, Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures).
After the war, a number of German physicists assembled in Göttingen in order to reestablish the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. In July of 1945, Planck agreed to act formally as its president, again. The British occupation authorities insisted on changing the name, and therefore in February 1948 the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft was established. Despite his deteriorating health, Planck resumed travelling in order to give public talks.
In 1946, he travelled to London on the occasion of the 300th birthday of Isaac Newton. He was the only German invited. On 1 April 1946, Planck was succeeded as president of the KWG by Otto Hahn. On 4 October 1947, he died, aged 89, from the consequences of a fall and several strokes.

Monday, May 22, 2006

Prof.Dr.Niftali Qocayev
Qocayev Niftali Mehrali oglu 1936-ci il oktyabrin 18-de Qerbi Azerbaycanin (indiki Ermenistan adlanan bolge) Qazax qezasinin Dilican nahiyyesinin Salah kendinde dogulmusdur. 1953-cu ilde orta mektebi qizil medalla bitirerek BAKI DOVLET UNIVERSITETININ fizika fakultesine daxil olmusdur. Yalniz ela qiymetlerle oxuduguna numunevi davranisina gore 3-5 kurslarda Ozel Taqaude layiq gorulmus, 1958-ci ilde fizika fakultesinin nezeri fizika ixtisasini ferqlenme(qirmizi) diplomu ile bitirmisdir. Universiteti ferqlenme diplomu ile bitirmesi ve telebelik dovrunde elmi-tedqiqat isleri sahesindeki fealiyyeti (telebe iken Kiev Dovlet Universitetinde kecirilen Beynelxalq elmi konfransda <<>> movzusunda meruze ile cixis ederek terifnameye layiq gorulmusdur) nezere alinaraq N.M.Qocayev BDU-da saxlanilmisdir.Bir il laborant vezifesinde isledikden sonra Sankt-Peterburq seherinde o zamanki Sovetler Ittifaqi Elmler Akadamiyasinin nun aspiranturasina qebul olunaraq akademik M.V.Volkensteynin elmi rehberli ile o zamanlar ucun nadir olan molekulyar biofizika sahasinde elmi fealiyyetini davam etdirmisdir. 1962-ci ilde movzusu uzre namizedlik dissertasiyasini muveffeqiyyetle mudafie ederek fizika-riyaziyyat elmleri namizedi elmi adini almis ve mezunu oldugu Baki Dovlet Universitetine qayidaraq bu gune qeder hemin universitetde oz herterefli fealiyyetini (1962-muellim, 1963-1964 bas muellim, 1964-1979 dosent, 1979-dan professor) etdirir. 1967-ci ilde N.M.Qocayevin bilavasite fealiyyeti neticesinde Baki Dovlet Universiteti nezdinde yaradilmis ve N.M.Qocayev hemin fakultenin ilk dekani vezifesine teyin olunmusdur. 1968-ci ilde musabiqe yolu ile BDU-nun na mudir vezifesine secilmis ve bununla elaqedar 1969-cu ilde oz xahisi ile dekan vezifesinden azad edilmisdir. Prof.N.M.Qocayev 16 il (1968-1984-cu illerde) na rehberlik ederek elmi pedaqoji kadrlar hazirlanmasi isinde derslik ve monoqrafiyalar yazmaq ve tedris sahelerinde onemli muveffeqiyyetler qazanmisdir. O, ilk defe 1977-ci ve 1980-ci illerde olmus ve muvafiq medallarla teltif olunmusdur. Prof.N.M.Qocayev mezun oldugu ilden indiyedek fasilesiz islediyi BAKI DOVLET UNIVERSITETINDE hele 1959-cu ilden tedqiqata basladigi sahesinde mekteb yaratmis. Hemin mektebin daha semereli elmi fealiyyet gostermesi ucun 1980-ci kecmis SSRI Ali Tehsil Nazirliyinin tovsiyyesi ve SSKI Nazirler Soveti yaninda Elm ve Tehsil Komitesinin xususi qerari ile sinin acilmasina nail olmus ve o vaxtdan bu gune qeder hemin laboratoriyanin mudiri vezifesinde calisir. Prof.N.M.Qocayev 4 istiqametde semereli elmi-pedaqoji fealiyyet gostermisdir: elmi-tedqiqat isleri ve yuksek ixtisasli elmi kadrlarin(magistr ve elm namizedi) hazirlanmasi, derslikler ve monoqrafiyalarin yazilmasi , dersliklerin ve elmi edebiyyatin xarici dillerden Azerbaycan ve Turk dillerine tercumesi , pedaqoji fealiyyet. Sadalanan butun sahelerde prof.N.M.Qocayevin xususi xidmeti olmusdur . O, mezunu oldugu BAKI DOVLET UNIVERSITETININ fizika , biologiya, kimya fakultelerinde umumi fizikanin muxtelif bolmeleri ve ixtisas kurslari uzre yuksek seviyyeli muhazireler oxumus, telebelerin kurs ve diplom islerine rehberlik etmisdir . Esasen Avropa , Amerika ve Rusiyada nesr olunan moteber elmi jurnallarda derc olunmus 255 elmi meqalenin , 8 monoqrafiyanin , 9 derslik ve ders vesaitinin muellifidir . Bunlar icerisinde kecmis SSRI -nin Ali Tehsil Nazirliyi terefinden Ittifaq Universitetleri ucun ders vesaiti olaraq tesdiq olunaraq Moskva seherinde nesriyyati terefinden cap olunmus kitabini ve Sankt -Peterburq seherinde bir qrup alimlerle , akademik M.Volkensteyn ve basqalari ile birlikde ingilis dilinde nesr etdirdiyi monoqrafiyani xususi qeyd etmek lazimdir . Prof.N.M.Qocayevin qardas Turkiye universitetleri ucun yazaraq Erzurumda nesr etdirdiyi 2 derslik ve 2 monoqrafiya Turkiyeli telebeler terefinden sevilerek oxunan kitablardir . Prof.N.M.Qocayevin elmi rehberliyi ile 20 aspirant ve dissertant namizedlik dissertasiyasini muveffeqiyyetle mudafie ederek elmler namizedi adina layiq gorulmusdur. onlarin icerisinde Misir ve Iraq vetendaslari da var. Prof.N.M.Qocayevin tesebbusu ile 1997 -ci ilde yaradilmis Azerbaycan Biofizika Cemiyyeti ozunun ilk konfransinda onu Cemiyyetin Prezidenti secmisdir ve bu gunedek hemin vezifede muveffeqiyyetle calisir . Qocayev 2001-ci ilden etibaren evezcilik yolu ile Qafqaz universitetinde Elmi isler ve xarici elaqeler uzre prorektor vezifesinde isleyir. Prof.N.M.Qocayev 1980-1984 -cu illerde Azerbaycan Respulikasi Ali Tehsil Nazirliyi nezdinde fealiyyet gosteren Elmi-Metodik Surani Fizika ve Astronomiya Seksiyasinin sedri ,1967-1994 -cu illerde Azerbaycan Respublikasi cemiyyetinin Fizika Seksiyasinin uzvu olmus , 1989-1993 -cu illerde Azerbaycan Qacqinlar Cemiyyetinin sedri vezifesinde islemisdir .1993-1998 -ci illerde Turkiyede -Erzurum Ataturk ve Stanbul universitetlerinde professor vezifesinde calisaraq muhum elmi-pedaqoji fealiyyet gostermisdir . Hemin dovrde yerli alimlerle yaxin emekdasliq ederek maraqli elmi-tedqiqat isleri aparmis , dissertasiya islerinin mudafie suralarinin sedri ve uzvu olmusdur . Birge elmi isler Turkiye Dovlet Planlama Teskilati terefinden muhum elmi -tedqiqat isi olaraq qebul olundugundan hemin teskilatin maliyye desteyi ile yerine yetirilmis , alinan neticeler Journ Molekular Structure kimi moteber elmi jurnalda ve diger jurnallarda cap olunmusdur . Prof.N.M.Qocayev Turkiye universitetlerinin telebeleri ucun 4 derslik(molekulyar fizika, optika, molekulun qurulusu1-ci ve 2-ci cild) yazmis , molekulyar fizika ve optikani ilk defe olaraq Erzurum ve Ataturk Universitetinde tedris etmekle yanasi ozunden sonra bu fennlerin tedrisi ucun kadrlar hazirligina da emek serf etmisdir. Hazirda Istanbul Universitetinin kafedrasi ile qarsiliqli emekdasliq muqavilesi esasinda elmi -tedqiqat islerini davam etdirir. Prof.N.M.Qocayev 255 meqalenin muellifidir


SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)
Kendli ailesinde dünyaya göz açan Nyuton , atasını o doğulmamışdan 3 ay qabaq itirmişdi(atası vefat etmişdi). On iki yasinda Grantham-da king”s Schools”a yazilan Nyuton bu mektebi 1661-ci ilde bitirdi. Hemin il Cambridge Universitetindeki Trinity Kollecine daxil oldu. 1665-ci ilin aprelinde bu mektebden lisans derecesini aldi. Lisansustu calismalarina baslayacigi muddetde ehali arasinda vahime yaradan veba xesteliyi uzunden universitet baglandi.
Xestelikden qorunmaq meqsedi ile anasinin yanina siginan Nyuton burada kecirdiyi iki il boyunca en onemli ideyalarini gerceklesdirdi. 1667-ci ilde Trinity Kollecine qayitdigi zaman differensial ve inteqral hesabin temellerini qoymus , ag isigin rengli spektrlere ayrilmasini mueyyenlesdirmis ve cisimlerin bir-birlerini aralarindaki mesafenin kvadrati ile ters mutenasib olaraq cezb etdiklerini fikrine gelmisdir. Cekingenliyi uzunden Nyuton her bir elmde boyuk deyisiklik yarada bilecek bu kesflerin coxunu uzun iller sonra ( meselen differensial ve inteqral hesablari 38 il sonra) uze cixarmisdir. Nyuton 1669-cu ilde hele 27 yasi olanda Cambridge Universitetinde riyaziyyat professoru kimi calismaga basladi . 1671-ci ilde ilk aynali teleskopu ixtira etdi ve ertesi il Royal Society-in uzvu secildi .Royal Society-ye teklif etdiyi reng haqqinda fikirlerinin tenqidlere hedef olmasi , xususen de Robert Hooke terefinden siddetli tenqidlere meruz qalmasi Nyutonun ozune qapanaraq elm dunyasindan elaqesini tamamile kesmeye getirib cixardi. 1675-ci ilde yeniden teklif etdiyi optik movzusundaki iki fikri yeni munaqiselere yol acdi. Hooke meqalelerde bezi tapintilarin oz kesfi oldugunu, Nyutonun bunlara sahib cixdigini soylemisdi. Butun bu munaqiseler ve tenqidler neticesinde 1678-ci ilde ruhi sarsinti keciren Nyuton ancaq yaxin dostu, meshur astronom, riyaziyyatci Edmond Halleyin xahisi ile alti il sonra elmi calismalarina geri dondu.
Cambridge Universitetindeki katolikliyi yaymaga qarsi yoneldilen herekata basciliq eden Nyuton , Kral dusuruldukden sonra 1689-cu ilde universitetin parlamentindeki temsilciliyine secildi. 1693-cu ilde yeniden ruhi sarsinti kecirdi ve yaxin dostlari ile , bu arada Samuel Pepys ve John Locke ile arasi pozuldu. Iki il davam eden ruhi sarsintidan sonra sagligina yeniden qovussa da bundan sonraki heyatinda elmi calismalara evvelki kimi maraq gostermedi . Daha sonra 1699-cu ilde Fransa Elmler Akademiyasinin xarici uzvuluyune , 1703-cu ilde Royal Society-nin bascisi secildi.
Gelmis kecmis elm adamlarinin en boyuklerinden biri olaraq qebul edilen Nyuton riyaziyyat ve fizikada cox onemli kesfler etmisdi. Nyutonun elme en boyuk komeyi mexanikadadir. Merkezeqacma quvvesi qanunu ile Kepler qanunlarini ele alaraq kutleceki qanununu ortaya qoydu.
Nyutonun kitablarindan bezileri Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, principia , opticks sayila biler.Nyuton hec vaxt evlenmeyib.
in english:
SIR ISAAC NEWTON


English scientist, astronomer and mathematician Born in 1642 - Died in 1727

Sir Isaac Newton when he was a boy, was more interested in making mechanical * devices than in studying. He made a windmill that could grind wheat and corn, and he made a water clock and a sundial. His teachers thought of him as a poor student. He wanted to go to college, but he didn't have the money to go. He enrolled at the lowest entry. In this position he had to serve the other students by running errands for them. He even ate the leftovers of their meals, but he would do anything to get an opportunity to learn. Even when he was in college, he was not outstanding and received no awards. When the university shut down because of the plague, he went home and continued to study on his own. He had a notebook with 140 blank pages and he began to fill them with notes as he read and experimented. His childlike curiosity led him to make some very important discoveries when he became a man. Within a period of a year and half he made three great discoveries. One day when he was drinking tea in the garden, he saw an apple fall to the ground. He started thinking about why it fell, and finally concluded that the same force that caused the apple to fall also kept the moon in orbit around the earth. This same force, gravity, * also kept the planets in orbit around the sun. The apple incident led to his three basic laws of motion: An object in motion tends to remain in motion unless an external force stops it; an object moves in a straight line unless some force diverts it; for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. He didn't publish his findings for a long time. Edmund Halley, an astronomer, * urged him to publish the things he had learned. His second discovery was about light and the properties of light. He spent months in a darkened room doing experiments. He passed a beam of sunlight through a prism and found that the beam of light was broken down into different colors. He concluded that something that appears green, such as grass, looks green because it reflects the green light in the sun and absorbs most of the other colors. Some of his experimenting was dangerous. He would look at the sun, (something his mother had told him never to do), and he would stare at the reflection of the sun in a mirror until he lost his sight. Then he shut himself up in a dark room for several days until his vision finally returned. He also made a reflecting telescope to use in his studies. Newton's third great discovery was in the field of math when he developed a kind of math we call calculus * . He was just 24 years old at the time. However he did not publish his findings for about 20 years, and by that time someone else had figured out the same thing. Newton said the man had stolen his idea. There was a bitter debate over which man made the discovery . Newton got his friends to say that he was the one. However, 200 years later, it was decided that both men had come to the same conclusion without help from the other one. By the time he was in his mid 50's he had worn himself out and suffered from exhaustion. Some were even afraid he might have mercury poisoning caused by his experiments. In 1696 he became the head of the mint where the coins were made. There was a lot of counterfeiting * . People were making their own coins. So the mint started replacing all the coins with new coins. Newton would dress up in disguises so that no one would know him, and he would go out on the streets of London to try and catch the counterfeiters. He was successful in capturing the people who were responsible. Sir Isaac Newton never married. It is said that he was very generous with his nieces and nephews and with the scientists who helped him in his work.

ALBERT EYNŞTEYN
Albert Eynşteyn 1879-cu il martın 14-de Almaniyada doğulub. Doğulandan az müddet sonra ailesi Muniche köçdüyü üçün tehsiline Munich-deki Luitpold Gymnasium-da başladı. Bu erefede anasının tekidi ile kaman dersleri alırdı. 1894-cü ilde Hermann Eynşteynin iflası neticesinde aile İtaliyaya köçdü. Bu müddetde Albert mektebini bitirmek üçün Munichde qaldı. 1896 -ci ilde ailesi terefinden tehsilini davam etdirmesi üçün Aarau,İsveçreye gönderildi ve Zurich-deki Swiss Federal Polytechnic School-a fizika ve riyaziyyat müellimi olmaq üçün başladı. 1901-ci ilde mezun oldu ve İsveçre vetendaşlığına qebul edildi. 1905-ci ilde doktorluq dissertasiyasini müdafie etdi. 1909-cu ilde Zurich Universitetinde professor kimi çalışmağa başladı. 1911-ci ilde Prague Universitetinde Fizika Professorluğuna yiyelendi ancaq 1912-ci ilde Zurich Universitetine geri döndü Burada riyaziyyatçı Marcel Grossman ile çalişmağa başladı. Bu müddetde Albert zamanı dördüncü ölçü olaraq tanıtdı. 1914-cü ilde Berlin Universitetinde professor kimi çalişdı. Hemin il Alman vetendaşlığına qebul edildi ancaq 1933-cü ilde siyasi sebeblere göre ( Hitlerin ve Nazi Partiyasının iqtidara gelmesi ve Albertin Müsevi olması) vetendaşlıqdan imtina edib Amerikaya köçdü ve Princeton Universitetinde professor kimi çalişmağa başladı. 1940-cı ilde Amerikan vetendaşı oldu ve 1945-ci ilde Princetondakı işinden teqaüde çıxdı. İkinci dünya müharibesinden sonra Albert Eynşteyn dünya üzerinde böyük hörmete malik olmuşdu. Albert Eynşteyne teklif edilen İsrailin Prezidentliyini redd etdi ancaq Dr. Chaim Weizmann ile Jerusalem Musevi Universitetinin quruluşunda şerik çalışdı. 1945-ci ilde Roosvelt-e yazdığı mektubunda nüve silahlarını düzelde bildiyi barade behs etdi. Hiroşima faciesinden sonra bu ixtirasından böyük peşmanlıq hissi keçirdi ve ömrünün axırına qeder nüve silahlarının yaradılmasına ve istifadesine qarşı mübarize apardı. Atom Bombası Albert Eynşteyne, Avropa ve Amerikadakı birçox Universitetden fizika , tibb ve felsefe sahelerinde qürurlu doktorluq derecesi almağa haqq qazandırdı. 1920-ci illerde Avropada , Amerikada ve Uzaq Şerqde ders dedi. Çalışmaları neticesinde birçox mükafatlar aldı bunlar arasında Copley Nişanı(1925) ve Franklin Nişanı(1935) da var. 1921-ci ilde fizika sahesinde Nobel mükafatına layiq görüldü( fotoeffekt hadisesine göre) " Sadece iki şey sonsuzdur , kainat ve insan axmaqlığı. birincisinden o qeder de emin deyilem" ALBERT EYNŞTEYN 1903-cü ilde özü kimi fizik olan Mileva Maric ile evlendi . Bir qızı ve iki oğlu oldu. 1919-cu ilde Milevadan boşanıb emisi qızı Elsa Löwenthal ile evlendi . Aldığı ilk Nobel mükafatını boşanarken birinci arvadı Milevaya verdi. 18 aprel 1955-ci ilde Princetonda öldü. Ölümünden sonra aparılan araşdırmalar neticesinde beyin formasının normal insandan olduqca ferqli olduğu ortaya çıxdı.

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

Eslen Alman fiziki olan Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 27 mart 1845-ci ilde Lennepde(Remscheid) doğuldu ve 10 fevral 1923-cü ilde Münihde öldü. Uşaqlığı ve mektebli illeri Hollandiyada ve İsveçrede keçdi. Zürihde universitet tehsili gördü. 1876-cı ilde Strassburgda , 1879-cu ilde Giessen ve 1888-ci ilde Würzburg universitetlerinde fizika professoru kimi çalışdı. Rentgen 1895-ci ilde keşf etdiyi X-şüalarına göre böyük şöhret qazanmışdır. Rentgen X-şüalarını inceleyen zaman elektrik ve maqnit sahelerinin tesiri ile istiqametini deyişmediyini isbat etmişdir. Bu şüaların cisimlerin daxilinden keçme qabiliyyetine malik olduğunu ve havanı ionlaşdırdığını ortaya çıxardı. 1901-ci ilde tamamladığı bu araşdırmalarına göre fizika sahesinde ilk nobelçi fizik adına layiq görüldü. Ölümünden sonra X-şüalarına Rentgen şüaları adı verildi.
in english
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born on March 27, 1845, at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany, as the only child of a merchant in, and manufacturer of, cloth. His mother was Charlotte Constanze Frowein of Amsterdam, a member of an old Lennep family which had settled in Amsterdam. When he was three years old, his family moved to Apeldoorn in The Netherlands, where he went to the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, a boarding school. He did not show any special aptitude, but showed a love of nature and was fond of roaming in the open country and forests. He was especially apt at making mechanical contrivances, a characteristic which remained with him also in later life. In 1862 he entered a technical school at Utrecht, where he was however unfairly expelled, accused of having produced a caricature of one of the teachers, which was in fact done by someone else. He then entered the University of Utrecht in 1865 to study physics. Not having attained the credentials required for a regular student, and hearing that he could enter the Polytechnic at Zurich by passing its examination, he passed this and began studies there as a student of mechanical engineering. He attended the lectures given by Clausius and also worked in the laboratory of Kundt. Both Kundt and Clausius exerted great influence on his development. In 1869 he graduated Ph.D. at the University of Zurich, was appointed assistant to Kundt and went with him to Würzburg in the same year, and three years later to Strasbourg. In 1874 he qualified as Lecturer at Strasbourg University and in 1875 he was appointed Professor in the Academy of Agriculture at Hohenheim in Wurtemberg. In 1876 he returned to Strasbourg as Professor of Physics, but three years later he accepted the invitation to the Chair of Physics in the University of Giessen. After having declined invitations to similar positions in the Universities of Jena (1886) and Utrecht (1888), he accepted it from the University of Würzburg (1888), where he succeeded Kohlrausch und found among his colleagues Helmholtz and Lorenz. In 1899 he declined an offer to the Chair of Physics in the University of Leipzig, but in 1900 he accepted it in the University of Munich, by special request of the Bavarian government, as successor of E. Lommel. Here he remained for the rest of his life, although he was offered, but declined, the Presidency of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt at Berlin and the Chair of Physics of the Berlin Academy. Röntgen's first work was published in 1870, dealing with the specific heats of gases, followed a few years later by a paper on the thermal conductivity of crystals. Among other problems he studied were the electrical and other characteristics of quartz; the influence of pressure on the refractive indices of various fluids; the modification of the planes of polarised light by electromagnetic influences; the variations in the functions of the temperature and the compressibility of water and other fluids; the phenomena accompanying the spreading of oil drops on water. Röntgen's name, however, is chiefly associated with his discovery of the rays that he called X-rays. In 1895 he was studying the phenomena accompanying the passage of an electric current through a gas of extremely low pressure. Previous work in this field had already been carried out by J. Plucker (1801-1868), J. W. Hittorf (1824-1914), C. F. Varley (1828-1883), E. Goldstein (1850-1931), Sir William Crookes (1832-1919), H. Hertz (1857-1894) and Ph. von Lenard (1862-1947), and by the work of these scientists the properties of cathode rays - the name given by Goldstein to the electric current established in highly rarefied gases by the very high tension electricity generated by Ruhmkorff's induction coil-had become well known. Röntgen's work on cathode rays led him, however, to the discovery of a new and different kind of rays. On the evening of November 8, 1895, he found that, if the discharge tube is enclosed in a sealed, thick black carton to exclude all light, and if he worked in a dark room, a paper plate covered on one side with barium platinocyanide placed in the path of the rays became fluorescent even when it was as far as two metres from the discharge tube. During subsequent experiments he found that objects of different thicknesses interposed in the path of the rays showed variable transparency to them when recorded on a photographic plate. When he immobilised for some moments the hand of his wife in the path of the rays over a photographic plate, he observed after development of the plate an image of his wife's hand which showed the shadows thrown by the bones of her hand and that of a ring she was wearing, surrounded by the penumbra of the flesh, which was more permeable to the rays and therefore threw a fainter shadow. This was the first "röntgenogram" ever taken. In further experiments, Röntgen showed that the new rays are produced by the impact of cathode rays on a material object. Because their nature was then unknown, he gave them the name X-rays. Later, Max von Laue and his pupils showed that they are of the same electromagnetic nature as light, but differ from it only in the higher frequency of their vibration. Numerous honours were showered upon him. In several cities, streets were named after him, and a complete list of Prizes, Medals, honorary doctorates, honorary and corresponding memberships of learned societies in Germany as well as abroad, and other honours would fill a whole page of this book. In spite of all this, Röntgen retained the characteristic of a strikingly modest and reticent man. Throughout his life he retained his love of nature and outdoor occupations. Many vacations were spent at his summer home at Weilheim, at the foot of the Bavarian Alps, where he entertained his friends and went on many expeditions into the mountains. He was a great mountaineer and more than once got into dangerous situations. Amiable and courteous by nature, he was always understanding the views and difficulties of others. He was always shy of having an assistant, and preferred to work alone. Much of the apparatus he used was built by himself with great ingenuity and experimental skill. Röntgen married Anna Bertha Ludwig of Zürich, whom he had met in the café run by her father. She was a niece of the poet Otto Ludwig. They married in 1872 in Apeldoorn, The Netherlands. They had no children, but in 1887 adopted Josephine Bertha Ludwig, then aged 6, daughter of Mrs. Röntgen's only brother. Four years after his wife, Röntgen died at Munich on February 10, 1923, from carcinoma of the intestine.

Akademik
ESGEROV BEHRAM MEHRELI OGLU
Anadan oldugu yer: Azerbaycan Respublikasi,Tovuz rayonu Ehmedabad kendi

Tevelludu: 05.10.1933
Tehsili: Azerbaycan DovletUniverseti,fizik
Elmi derecesi: Fizika-riyaziyyat elmleri doktoru
Elmi rutbesi: Professor
Doktorluq dissertasiyasinin ixtisas sifri ve ixtisasinin adi: 01.04.07-Berk cisimler fizikasi
Muxbir uzv secildiyi tarix ve ixtisasin adi: 2001,fizika
Capdan cixmis elmi eserlerinin sayi: 105
Xaricde cixmis elmi eserlerinin sayi: 80
Esas elmi nailiyyetleri: Esas elmi istiqameti-Berk cisimlerde kocurme hadiselerinin klassik ve kvant nezeriyyesine aiddir.Berk cisimlerde kvantlayici maqnit sahesi olduqda dissipativ termomaqnit cereyan sixligini hesablamaq ucun metod teklif etmis. Termomaqnit effeklerin kvant nezeriyyesini veren alimlerden biridir. Kvaziikiolculu elektron sistemlerde kocurme hadiselerinin nezeriyyesini verib.
Kadr hazirligi:
elmler namizedlerinin sayi: 12
elmler doktorlarinin sayi: 3
Esas elmi eserlerinin adlari:
1. "Кинетические эффекты в полупроводниках" (Монография),20 п.л. Ленинград,Наука,1970
2, "Электронные явления переноса в полуправодниках". 22 п.л. (Монография), Москва Наука,1985
3."Electron transport Phenomena in Semiconductors" (Монография), Singapore , London, 1994
4. Electron transport Solidi, v.121, pp. 11-37, Berlin, 1984
5. Уравнение Состояния электронного газа и теория термоэде в квантующем магнитном поле , ФТП , т. 32, N=3, 1998
Teltif ve mukafatlar: Azerbaycan Respublikasi Dovlet Mukafati-1974;
Emekdar Elm Xadimi-2000
Azerbaycan Respublikasinin "Sohret" ordeni-2004.
Pedaqoji fealiyyeti: 1966-ci ilden dosent 1972-ci ilden professor 1971-ci ilden kafedra mudiri
Is yeri ve unvani: Baki Dovlet Universiteti, AZ1143, Azerbaycan Respublikasi Baki s., Z.Xelilov kuc., 23
Vezifesi: Kafedra mudiri
Xidmeti tel.: (994 12) 4381554
Ev tel.: (994 12) 4395576
Mobil tel.: (994 50) 2130781
Faks: (994 12) 4983376
Elektron poctu: Bahram.Mehrali@rambler.ru

Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), muasir fizikanin ve teleskopik astronomiyanin banilerinden olan Italiyan elm adamidir. 1564-ci ilde Italiyanin Pisa seherinde anadan olub. Zemanesinin taninmis musiqicilerinden Vincenzo Galilei-nin oglu olan Galileo, ilk tehsilini Floransada almisdi. 1581-ci ilde Pisa universitetinde tibb tehsiline basladi, ancaq imkansizliqdan ( pulu olmadigindan) universiteti terk etdi. 1583-cu ilden riyaziyyata maraq gosteren Galileo , bu sahede calismalari neticesinde 1589-cu ilde Pisada professor oldu.
Uzen cisimlerin ve hereketin Aristotel fizikasindan ferqli bir dusunce ile riyazi olaraq ele alinmasi lazim olduguna inanan Galileo, Pisa qalasindan agirliq dusurderek Aristotelin sehv fikirde oldugunu gosterdi. Bu hereketi yasli professorlarin anlamamasina sebeb oldu. 1529-cu ilde Pisani terk ederek , Padova Universitetine geldi.
1600-cu ilde termometr, insan ureyinin doyuntulerini qeyde alan saygac ve 1604-cu ilde serbest dusmenin riyazi qanunlarini kesf etdi. 1609-cu ilde Hollandiyada teleskopun tapildigini esitdi, Bundan sonra ozu daha mukemmel teleskop duzelderek astronomiyada istifade etmeye basladi.
1610-cu ilde aydaki daglar ve. s . ucun ilk musahidelerini apardi.
1611-ci ilde Romaya getdi ve ordaki Elmler Akademiyasinin uzvu secildi. Floransaya donduyu zaman hidrostatik ucun bir cox professorun etirazina sebeb olan kitabi ile 1613-cu ilde gunes lekeleri ucun yazdigi eserini cap etdirdi. Bu eserinde Kopernik sistemini aciq sekilde mudafie etdi. 1615-ci ilde Romaya gederek oz fikrini mudafie etdi. Ancaq 1616-ci ilde Papa Besinci Paul terefinden Galileonun kitablarini yoxlamaq ucun komissiya quruldu .Bu komissiya Galileonun kitablarina qadaga qoymadi .Sadece dunyanin donmesi iddiasindan el cekmesini istedi.
Galileo , bir muddet elmin praktik terefine dondu , mikroskopu inkisaf etdirdi. Ancaq 1618-ci ilde uc quyruqlu ulduzun gorunmesi ile kilse ile munaqiseye girdi. Dostunun Sekkizinci Urban olaraq Papa secilmesinden cesaret alaraq yazdigi “Iki kainat sistemi uzerinde danisiqlar” adli eserini 1632-ci ilde cap etdirdi. Ancaq kitabi daha evvel edilen xeberdarliqlara zidd oldugunda gore Roma mehkemesine cagirildi. 1633 –cu ilde bu kitab qadagan edildi ve Galileonun ozu de hebs edildi.
Yetmis yasinda hebs edilen Galileonun gozleri kor oldu ve 1642-ci ilde hebsde olarkan oldu.
in english
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei was an Italian
physicist and astronomer. He was born in Pisa on February 15, 1564. Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, was a well-known musician. Vincenzo decided that his son should become a doctor.
In 1581, Galileo was sent to the University of Pisa to study medicine. While a student at the university, Galileo discovered that he had a talent for mathematics. He was able to persuade his father to allow him to leave the university to become a tutor in mathematics. He later became a professor of mathematics.
In 1609, Galileo heard about the invention of the spyglass, a device which made distant objects appear closer. Galileo used his mathematics knowledge and technical skills to improve upon the spyglass and build a
telescope. Later that same year, he became the first person to look at the Moon through a telescope and make his first astronomy discovery. He found that the Moon was not smooth, but mountainous and pitted - just like the Earth! He subsequently used his newly invented telescope to discover four of the moons circling Jupiter, to study Saturn, to observe the phases of Venus, and to study sunspots on the Sun.
Galileo's observations strengthened his belief in Copernicus' theory that Earth and all other planets
revolve around the Sun. Most people in Galileo's time believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe and that the Sun and planets revolved around it.
The Catholic Church, which was very powerful and influential in Galileo's day, strongly supported the theory of a geocentric, or Earth-centered, Universe. After Galileo began publishing papers about his astronomy discoveries and his belief in a
heliocentric, or Sun-centered, Universe, he was called to Rome to answer charges brought against him by the Inquisition (the legal body of the Catholic Church). Early in 1616, Galileo was accused of being a heretic, a person who opposed Church teachings. Heresy was a crime for which people were sometimes sentenced to death. Galileo was cleared of charges of heresy, but was told that he should no longer publicly state his belief that Earth moved around the Sun. Galileo continued his study of astronomy and became more and more convinced that all planets revolved around the Sun. In 1632, he published a book that stated, among other things, that the heliocentric theory of Copernicus was correct. Galileo was once again called before the Inquisition and this time was found guilty of heresy. Galileo was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1633. Because of his age and poor health, he was allowed to serve his imprisonment under house arrest. Galileo died on January 8, 1642.

AKADEMIK
ABDULLA IBRAHIM OGLU MUXTAROV


Anadan olduğu yer: Rusiya Federasiyası, Dağıstan Muxtar Respublikası, Rutul rayonu, Saxur kendi
Tevellüdü: 24.12.1918
Tehsili: Azerbaycan Dövlet Universiteti, Fizika fakültesi, fizik-nezeriyyeçi
Elmi derecesi: Fizika-riyaziyyat elmleri doktoru
Elmi rütbesi: Professor
Doktorluq dissertasiyasının ixtisas şifri ve ixtisasın adı: 01.04.02; 01.04.16 - Nezeri-fizika, nüve-fizikası
Müxbir üzv seçildiyi tarix ve ixtisasın adı: 1972, fizika
Çapdan çıxmış elmi eserlerin ümumi sayı: 130
Xaricde çıxmış elmi eserlerin sayı: 50
Esas elmi nailiyyetleri:
1. Elmi rehberimle birge (Sokolov A.A.) Fermionları uzununa (spirallığı), fotonların xetti dairevi polyarizasiyasını nezere alan metod teklif etmişik (1948-ci il)
2. Hemin metod menim terefimden ixtiyari istiqametli polyarizasiyanı nezere almaq üçün ümumileşdirilmişdir (1963-cu il)
3. Azerbaycanda nezeri fizika mektebini yaratmışam.
4. Yüksek enerjili polyarize olunmuş zerreciklerin elektrodinamikasının yaradılmasında intensiv iştirak etmişem. İlk defe spinleri 3/2, 5/2, 7/2 ve t/2 olan zerreciklerin pronaqatorlarını qurmuşam.
5. Bu esasda ete- destelerinin fermionlara, odronlara, vozonlara, rezonanslara ve başqa zerreciklere çevrilmesi istiqametinde böyük hecmde tedqiqat işi aparılmış ve tecrübe ile müqayise edilmişdir, yaxşı uyğunluq alınmışdır.
6. Zeif-elektromaqnit qarşılıqlı tesirlerin standart modelinde ferz olunan z- bozondan elave z'-bozonun da varlığını teleb eden EtxE8 modelinde tedqiqat işleri aparılmışdır.

Kadr hazırlığı: elmler namizedlerinin sayı: 25
elmler doktorlarının sayı 4

Esas elmi eserlerin adları:

1. К теории аннигиляции электронов и позитронов, Вестник МГУ, №8, 63, 1948
2. Поляризационные эффекты при распаде p°→е-+е- +γ ЖЭТФ, 37, 575, 1959
3. Исследование электророждение нуклонных резонансов на поляризованных протонах, Nuovo Cuniento, GA, №1, 13,1971
4. Суперструнный z' бозон в радиационный е+е- аннигиляции Я.Ф. т. 58, №7, 1288-1297, 1995
Power correction to the pion-photon transition form factor Fπγ(Г2)International Journal of Modern Physics A, vol. 16, №18, (2001), 3179-3190

Teltif ve mükafatlar:
Azerbaycan SSR Ali Sovetinin Fexri Fermanı - 1969; "Leninin anadan olmasının 100 illiyi ile elaqedar. Şerefli emeye göre" medalı - 1970; "1974-cü il sosialist yarışının qalibi" - 1974; "Azerbaycan SSR xalq tehsili elaçısı" medalı - 1975 "Şeref nişanı" ordeni - 1978; "SSRİ-nin tehsil elaçısı" medalı - 1980; "emek veteranı" medalı - 1981; Azerbaycanın emekdar Elm Xadimi - 1992; Azerbaycan Respublikasının "Şöhret" ordeni - 1998; BDU-nun "Xatire" medalı – 1998

Pedaqoji fealiyyeti: 1950-ilden Bakı Dövlet Universitetinde baş müellim, dosent, professor işleyirem. İki tedris kitabının müellifiyem. "Statistik fizika", 1961-ci il, "Kvant mexanikası", 1999-cu il.
İş yeri ve ünvanı: Bakı Dövlet Universiteti, Azerbaycan Respublikası, Bakı ş., Z.Xelilov küç.,23
Vezifesi: Professor (nezeri fizika kafedrası).
Xidmeti tel.: (994 12) 4390213
Ev tel.: (994 12) 4934051
Elektron poçtu:
mukharov@dcacs.ab.az

Müellif: Ziya Axundov



Elave saytlar:
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